Florida State University Relocating Atp Synthase Discussion

i need you to do two replies each reply should be a min of 200 word

For your replies, select the proposed experiments of at least 2 classmates that used a different protein from yours and comment on what would happen if your protein were localized to the compartment they suggested. How would this alter cellular physiology? Would it be similar to what they speculated? attached is the two article to read before you answer. these two question

first post

My experiment proposal involves relocating ATP synthase from neuronal eukaryotic mitochondria to the cell’s respective plasma membrane. To do this, we would need to delete ATP synthase’s native signal sequence for mitochondria and replace it with the signal sequence for the plasma membrane.

ATP synthase is a protein found on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. ATP synthase functions as part of the cellular energy generation process. It combines adenosine triphosphate (ADP) and phosphate to create ATP. It uses the concentration gradient of protons, in this case, sodium ions, to power the process. (Goodsell, 2005)

If the ATP synthases were instructed to relocate to the plasma membrane, a few alterations to the cell’s normal function would occur, ATP would not be synthesized in the mitochondria as there would be no joining enzyme in the presence of ADP and phosphate. However, on the cell membrane, a proton concentration gradient is established by potassium and sodium during signal transmission. Additionally, in the sodium/potassium pump cycle, ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate. (Pirahanchi et al., 2021)

The two conditions—the presence of a proton gradient and the presence of ADP and phosphate—may allow for the continued generation of ATP for the cell. However, the occurrence of ATP generation would be contingent upon the presence of ATP prior to the relocation of ATP synthase from the mitochondria to the plasma membrane. In the new location, it would be unable to generate new ATP; rather, it would recycle ATP used in the sodium/potassium pump activation.

The recycling action of the ATP synthase in its new location would not be problematic if the sodium/potassium pump were the only part of the cell using ATP, but this is not the case. Because so many other cellular processes require ATP and do not always result in phosphate and ADP, cellular ATP would be quickly depleted. ATP depletion would result in catastrophe on all levels of organization.

Neuronal cell dysfunction in the experimental cells would occur first. This would mean reduced ability to carry signals from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system and vice versa. In the worst-case scenario, the brain would be unable to communicate with the vital life-sustaining organs such as the heart and lungs. Organismal life would end as the respective organs would stop conducting their responsibilities.

The speed at which this effect would take place would depend on how many neural cells were modified as well as their location in the body. For example, if the neural cells of the hand alone were modified, the subject would only lose the function of their hand. If the neural cells of the spinal cord at level C4 or higher were modified, the subject would likely perish altogether as all neural signaling below this level would cease.

The precision and intricacies of life as God created it is truly staggering. The care that he put into our creation is remarkable, as one alteration such as the one discussed above could create such profound detriment. Not only did God create humans with such exactness, but he also created other beings with eukaryotic cells such as animals and prokaryotic beings such as bacteria and archaea. Each is fundamentally different but similar in that all were created with extraordinary complexity.

References

Goodsell, D. (2005). PDB101: Molecule of the month: ATP synthase. http://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/72

Pirahanchi, Y., Jessu, R., & Aeddula, N. R. (2021). Physiology, sodium-potassium pump. StatPearls (). StatPearls Publishi

second post

Protein sorting is the transportation of proteins by the cell either to organelles or outside of the cell. The understanding of protein sorting led to the finding of sorting signals and the signal hypothesis (Settembre et al. 2013). The signal hypothesis is the idea that secreted proteins have a specific amino acid sequence that determines where that protein will be localized/sorted. The amino acid sequence varies depending on the intended location of the protein. The discovery of protein sorting signals has paved the way for a greater understanding of protein functionality and localization. By understanding the protein localization we can determine patterns in normal and abnormal behavior. Proteins with identifying amino acid sequences (signal peptides) are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during translation. These proteins are then sent to the appropriate organelle in the endomembrane system or outside of the cell. Examples of endomembrane system organelles include the Golgi apparatus or lysosomes. This signal peptide sequence acts as a tag and is located on either the C’ or N’ terminal of a peptide molecule. The C’ terminal is named so because it is the end of the peptide molecule that contains a carboxyl group. The N-terminal is the end of the amino group (Short, 2017).

Experiment

In an experiment to determine the functionality of a protein, protein sorting should be the target. Changes in the mechanism of protein sorting will cause displacement/mislocalization of proteins. For this experiment, an enzymatic lysosomal protein will have altered sorting (Brix, 2005). To begin the experiment the protein must first be identified, in this case, lysosomal proteases will be the target. This step is followed by identifying the native tag (amino acid sequence) of lysosomal proteases. After the tag is identified it should be eliminated and replaced with a different tag. It is this step that causes the mislocalization of the protein. Once mislocalized the lysosomal protease will be absent in lysosomal cells. Projected outcomes should be listed and compared with the experiment results. The lysosomal protease was picked for the experiment because its functions are commonly known. Two functions of lysosomal protease are its role in protein degradation and antigen processing. The absence of protease will cause reduced protein degradation, antigen processing, and lysosomal activity (Cooper, 2020). Proteins provide energy and amino acids when degraded. Protease is also essential to antigen processing. Antigen processing is the immunological process that presents antigens to T-cells (white blood cells); this is a part of adaptive immunity. I would assume that deficiencies in lysosomal protease would greatly hinder adaptive immune responses and amino acid production (Cooper, 2020). If decreased levels of amino acids and compromised immunity are long-lasting the health issues expected are chronic illness, constant fatigue, lowered alertness, and neurotransmitters imbalance. All organs can be affected an example is the brain, the brain can be affected by neurotransmitter imbalance which can lead to depression (not a physical presenting illness but still a life-threatening one). The significant health repercussions caused by the mislocalization of one protein are a testament to how much purpose every part of the body has. Nothing is without design or purpose; A verse that comes to mind is Proverbs 16:4.

Works Cited

Blobel, G., & Dobberstein, B. (1975). Transfer of proteins across membranes. I. Presence of proteolytically processed

and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane-bound ribosomes of murine myeloma. The

Journal of cell biology, 67(3), 835–851. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.67.3.835

Brix, K. (2005). Lysosomal proteases. In Lysosomes (pp. 50-59). Springer, Boston, MA.

Cooper GM (2020). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Sunderland

(MA): Sinauer Associates. Protein Degradation. Available from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9957/

Proverbs 16:4 The LORD Has Made Everything for His Purpose–Even the Wicked

for the Day of Disaster., biblehub.com/proverbs/16-4.htm.

Settembre, C., Fraldi, A., Medina, D. L., & Ballabio, A. (2013). Signals from the lysosome: a

control center for cellular clearance and energy metabolism. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 14(5), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3565

Short B. (2017). The signal hypothesis matures with age. The Journal of Cell Biology, 216(5),

1207. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201704081