POLI 137 UCSD Cards to Dark Skinned Players than Light Probability Questions

there are three part and first two part have 5 question and part three have 2 essay question those detail is in the doc

A recent project led by Brian Nosek, a founder ofthe nonprofit Center for Open Science, invited researchers to address the following question: Do soccer referees give more cards to dark-skinned players than light-skinned ones?

Nosek’s team collected data and profile photos from all soccer players (N=

2,053) playing in the firstmale divisions ofEngland, Germany, France and Spain in the 2012-2013 season and all referees (N=3,147) that these players played under in their professional career. Using photos for 1,586out of 2,053 players, their skin tone was coded by two independent raters (blind to the research question). Based on each player’s photo, the raters categorized players on a 5-point scale ranging from ‘very light skin” (with a value of 0) to ‘very dark skin”(with a value of 1). The players who were considered as neither dark nor light skin” took the center value (0.5). For some of the players, information on their field position, league,or height/weight was missing. Therefore, complete information exists for a total of 1,419 individual players in the sample.